happens often, i wouldnt worry much about it. I will say most of my experience on this sort of thing is on late model naturally aspirated shitboxes though so for whatever thats worth.
Put it this way, I listened to my air cleaner wingnut rattle through the cylinder, exhaust manifold and down the pipe to the muffler...I can still hear it now and then in the muffler...hahaha...that gasket is gone daddy gone...
If there isn't a chunk of it stuck under a valve, you don't have any plugs with foreign object damage and it ran ok after the gasket went you should be ok. Add in no damage to the vanes on the turbo.
Most of it was probably eaten away by gas and pressure first. It's just paper/corkish right? No metal in there then you are alright.
I think after seeing that pic I would probably cut out the center of that gasket before installing it. that way you wont have to worry about it again.
Just an opinion, but I'd take a die grinder and hog out that intake a bit while it's off. You could really improve your airflow. What kind of turbo is that? Flatman